集權(centralization)：決策權(decision-making authority)集中在高階管理者的程度。分權(decentralization)：決策權下授到組織的低階管理者的程度。目的：最適切、最有效地利用員工。分權以解決問題、分權以快速因應環境變化、分權以提高員工的投入與對組織的認同。例：Motorola：生產決策分權下授、財務和銷售決策集權。
管理學理論研究網-=-西蒙的集權和分權理論
Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location and/or group.
In political science, this refers to the concentration of a government's power - both geographically and politically, into a centralized government.
Decentralization or Decentralisation (see spelling differences) is the process of dispersing decision-making governance closer to the people or citizen. It includes the dispersal of administration or governance in sectors or areas like engineering, management science, political science, political economy, sociology and economics. Decentralization is also possible in the dispersal of population and employment.Law , science and technological advancements lead to highly decentralized human endeavours.
A central theme in decentralization is the difference between a hierarchy, based on:
- authority: two players in an unequal-power relationship; and
- an interface: a lateral relationship between two players of roughly equal power.
The more decentralized a system is, the more it relies on lateral relationships, and the less it can rely on command or force. In most branches of engineering and economics, decentralization is narrowly defined as the study of markets and interfaces between parts of a system. This is most highly developed as general systems theory and neoclassical political economy.
